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CULTURAL CHANGE, LYCANTHROPY AND THE QUESTION OF SUBSTANTIAL TRANSFORMATION (FROM PETRONIUS … tended to regard lycanthropy as a dangerous element of the more encompassing threat of heresy and witchcraft.
The Beast Within
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LYCANTHROPY is a term used comprehensively to indicate a belief, firmly rooted among all savages, and lingering in the … details of the metamorphosis, which is one of the most inexplicable concomitants of mediaeval witchcraft Yet, while …
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Lycanthropy, as recent critics have shown (Hirsch 2005: 11), was a well-known affliction in early modern Europe, and … In terms of the former interpretation, lycanthropy was considered as a sub-species of demonology and witchcraft, both of …
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Fleeing from the wrath of Queen Elizabeth after her part in a rebellion against the Crown, Anne Percy begins a perilous journey that involves encounters with witches, werewolves, feuding clans, and others. Reprint.
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man, J.—that that part of the direction which we have placed in italics was erroneous, that the terms of the condition included all voluntary acts of self-destruction, and therefore that if Schwabe voluntarily killed himself, it was immaterial whether he was or was not at the time a responsible moral agent. (Cf. Dufaur v. Provincial Life Insurance Co., 25 Beav. 599). In Cliff v. Schwabe the words “commit suicide ” were held to be equivalent to the words “die by his own hand.” The scope of Borrodaue v. Hunter is therefore accurately defined in proposition 3.
A sketch of the American law on this subject will be found in Porter’s ” Laws of Insurance ” (1887, p. 133). (See also New York Medico-Legal Society’s Papers, 1st series, p. 1.)
It may be mentioned that life policies now very frequently contain conditions for the compromise of claims in cases of suicide during insanity. A. Wood Rkxton’.
LIFE. EXPECTATION OF. (See
Statistics.)
Iicht, Coioubed. (See Coloured Light.)
LIMITATION OF ACTIONS. (See
Prescriptions.)
Iimophoitas; Iimophoitosis (\1p6s, hunger ; (potras, from (frntraa, I roam about in a frenzy). Insanity caused by hunger.
Lxmosis (Xt/idr, hunger). A morbid appetite. A name given by Good to denote those diseases characterised by depraved, excessive, or defective appetites.
IIPEMANIA. (SCC LiYPEMANIA.)
Localisation. (See Brain, PhySiology or.)
LOCOMOTOR ATAXY AS ALLIED TO NEUROSES.
By origin:—
There may be maniacal crises.
There may be insane interpretations of locomotor ataxic symptoms.
Locomotor ataxy may be associated with incontrollable lust.
Locomotor ataxy may be associated with impotence and melancholia.
Locomotor ataxy may be associated with ideas of persecution.
Locomotor ataxy may be a symptom associated with general paralysis.
It may precede general paralysis.
It may accompany it.
It may develop after its onset.
It may alternate with its mental symptoms.
Temporary states of ataxy may occur as the result of alcohol, &c., and may be associated with similar mental disorders.
Locomotor Ataxy, Tabes Xtorsalts, Ataxle Locomotrlce Progressive.—This
disease is chiefly characterised by the instability of the patient when the eyes are closed, the slow increase of the symptoms of paralysis, and the frequent recurrence of peripheral nerve pains, these being associated with degenerative changes in a special region of the spinal cord lying near the posterior nerve roots, and general reduction of nervous reflexes. Locomotor ataxy may be associated with mental symptoms in several ways.
Though not an ordinary neurosis locomotor ataxy is very common in members of neurotic families.
Locomotor ataxy and insanity may occur in the same person and be unconnected, or locomotor ataxy may precede the development of associated mental symptoms, or locomotor ataxic symptoms may be the first indications of general paralysis of the insane. Locomotor ataxy and insanity may to some extent alternate, so that while the ataxic symptoms are fully developed, the mind is clear, and while the mind is disordered the ataxy becomes less or is absent.
Locomotor ataxy may have the following special mental relations:
There may be daring tbe Course of tbe Disease Mental Crises.—A patient who is recognised as suffering from locomotor ataxy suddenly becomes maniacal. In these cases generally there is more or less suspicion, and a tendency to retaliate on those who are supposed to be causing the painful sensations in various parts of the body. These maniacal attacks are of short duration, but may recur at irregular intervals.
There may be Insane Interpretations ot the ordinary crises, so that one patient says that his bowels have been twisted by his persecutors, while another says that red hot irons have been thrust into his feet and eyes, and another complains that unnatural and disgusting means have been used to withdraw his semen. The ordinary symptoms of locomotor ataxy are insanely explained in other ways. Thus one man may attribute the pains and weakness in his legs to poison ing, or to ” influence “—electricity or mesmerism; while another will say the pain and thickening about bis ankles are due to diabolical possession, and that the bulla.’ (which occasionally occur as well as cutis anseriniB) are marks of the devil’s grip. Sexual weakness may also be explained as the result of poisoning or evil influence.
The mental symptoms in these cases may be acute or chronic; in the former case they may occasionally alternate, so that while the delusions exist the ataxy if better, and rice versa, or the insanity may be transient or recurrent.
In some canes the insanity is as chronic as the locomotor ataxy, but there seems to be little tendency to dementia in these patients.
The most common relationship of Insanity and locomotor ataxy is met with in general paralysis of the insane, and in this the symptoms of both may begin at the same time, so that with extravagance, boastfnlness and Inst, ataxic weakness may develop. In other cases locomotor ataxy is the first symptom, and after a period varying from one to several years, other symptoms point to the existence of general paralysis. In some cases the general paralysis has first been recognis«d, and it is only later that locomotor ataxy is recognised. A fuller description of ataxic general paralysis will be found under Gf.xeral Paralisis.
Locomotor ataxy may lead to insanity in several other ways. Thus the sexual desire which is frequent in the earlier stages of the disease may lead to most insane acts. A man of education and position may lose all power of self-control, ami may commit indecent assaults on young girls, and may even corrupt his own children; or a man may, from excess of desire, marry; soon find himself impotent, and he may then become profoundly melancholy and suicidal. Locomotor ataxy may lead a patient through a feeling of physical weakness into a belief that he is an unpardonable sinner, and unfit to live: again, sensory troubles may cause the patient to believe that he is persecuted and plotted against.
The insanity does not affect ordinary locomotor ataxy as apart from general paralysis so far as its course and duration are concerned. If the case be one of general paralysis, the prognosis will be necessarily bad; if on the other hand the symptoms be only those of suspicion, if in fact there is only an insane explanation of the ataxic symptoms, the prognosis will depend on the locomotor ataxy, which may last for years.
We believe that syphilis plays an important part in the production of locomotor ataxy, and may occasionally lead to hypochondriacal depression during the coarse of the disease.
SyphiliH may lead to locomotor ataxy which may run a more or less regular coarse, the locomotor ataxy may be complicated with insane crises, or may be followed by or associated with general paralysis of the insane.
The tendency of the cases of general paralysis with ataxy is to dementia, but
lay be some periods of temporary of mental
there maarrest
or motor symptoms or of both.
With syphilitic general paralysis of the ataxic type there may be other brain symptoms depending on local specific nutritional lesions.
There is a form of temporary locomotor ataxy which may depend on peripheral neuritis. In alcohol certainly, and probably in lead, and in other nerve poisons there may be loss of co-ordination, loss of reflexes and the like; in such cases delusions and ideas of suspicion are likely to occur.
We have met with such cases in which accusations of poisoning, of using galvanism and the like were made, and in which there was risk that the patients would revenge or, as they said, defend themselves. In these cases both the mental and motor symptoms pass off if the irritant is removed soon enough, and if there be no other cause for degeneration.
The accompanying is a fac-simile of the handwriting of a patient labouring under locomotor ataxy. Geo. H. Savase.
Iogodiaerhea (Xdyor, a word; Bidppoia, a flowing through). An excessive flow of words; the prolixity or verbosity of a maniac.
LOCOMANIA (paiiia, madness). A form of insanity in which there is great talkativeness.
LOOOMONOMAVXA (/Woe, single; pavia, madness). A term for a form of insanity characterised only by great loquacity (Uuislain).
Logoneveoses (\6yos, reason; vivpov, a nerve). Another term for mental affections. In the singular, used to denote a derangement or impediment of speech.
LOOOFATHT (ndBos, a disease). A morbid affection of speech due to cerebral disease.
Locoplegia iir\<iyv, a stroke). Inability to pronounce certain words as a result of paralysis. A synonym of Aphasia.
LOCOBRHffiA (poia, a flow). The same as logodiarrhcea (</.».).
Ioncincs (A.S. longen, to desire earnestly). The name given to the mental symptom observed in pregnant women, and in those suffering from suppression of the normal uterine discharges, by which peculiar and whimsical desires are expressed. (Fr. envie; Ger. Qeliistung.)
Loquacity (Fr.lo<{uacite,iTom loqitacitus, talkativeness). Excessive talkativeness, volubility of speech, frequently a symptom of mental disease. (Ger. Geschwiitzigkeit.)
Love-meiancholt. — A popular term for true erotomania.
Lucid Interval (Fr. intervalle hicide). An interval between the paroxysms of insanity, during which the mind appears clear, and the patient is apparently capable of conducting himself sanely. (Ger. heller Zwischenraum.)
Lucidity (lueidus, clear). A state of clearness or freedom from delusions or mental disorder.
Lucomania. (See Lycomania; Ly
CANTHROPIA.)
LUES DEIFICA; LUES SIVINA
(lues, a spreading or contagious disease; deifica, making into a god; divina, godlike). Old terms for epilepsy.
LUKE’S. ST., HOSPITAL OF. (See
Registered Hospitals.)
Lunacy (hum, the moon). The legal term representing those deviations from a standard of mental soundness, in which the person, property, or the civil rights may be interfered with, when incapacity, violence, or irregularities threaten danger to the lunatic himself or to others. (Fr. folie; Ger. Wuhnaitm, Mondsucht.)
LUNACY LAW, ENGLISH. (See
Law Of Lunacy.)
Lunacy Law, Irish. (See IreLand, The Lunacy Laws Of.)
LUNACY LAW, SCOTTISH. (See
Scotland, The Lunacy Laws Op.)
LUNATIC (luna, the moon, from its supposed influence in causing mental disease). (i) A term applied to those diseases considered to be under the influence of the moon’s phases, as epilepsy and insanity, (z) Also those affected by such diseases. (3) Also an insane person, one affected by lunacy. Act 16 & 17 Vict, c. 97, declares that the term lunatic shall mean and include every i>erson of unsound mind, and every person being an idiot. (ft. luaatiquf; Ger. Wuhn»inmger.) LUNATIC ASYLUMS. (.See AsyLums, England And Wales, &c.)
LUNATICS, CRIMINAL. (See
Criminal Lunatics.)
Lunatismus [luna, the moon). A name given to those somnambulists who only walk about at the time the moon shines.
Lunb (luna). A tit of insanity.
LYCANTHROPIA (Xvicor, a wolf; i’w6pa>TTtn, a man). A species of insanity in which the patient is under the delusion that he is a wolf or some wild beast, having been changed into such by the agency of the devil.
Lycanthropy.—The most classic form of endemic insanity really Greek, if the case of the Proctides cannot be so considered, is that of lycanthropy, upon which we will make a few remarks, because it is a subject somewhat obscure and but little discussed in treatises on mental disorders. While upon this theme we shall pass the boundaries of the country (Arcadia), and the period of its origin, and follow it in Europe up to the mediaeval epoch.
We note especially that the wolf was a constant companion of Mars in Greek and Roman mythology.
We see in this the adoration of divine scourges, such as still exists in the worship of snakes and tigers in southern India.
Lycosura.a mountainous city of Arcadia, specially worshipped wolves, and it would appear that before Lycaon, Osiris was transformed into a wolf.
A bronze she-wolf was sacred to the oracle of Delphos, to commemorate the transformation of Latona into this animal, in order that she might more securely give birth to Apollo and Diana.
The fable of Romulus and Remus is well known.
The Greeks worshipped a Zeus Lycsus (from Avieor, a wolf).
In its primitive meauing lycanthropy probably alluded only to the transformation into wolves, but subsequently the word was used to signify transformation into other animals. Thus, in the period of fully developed lycanthropy when men, transformed into wolves, wandered through the forests, Citeus, son of Lycaon, laments the metamorphosis of his daughter into a bear, and Iphigenia at the moment of sacrifice was changed into a fawn.
But the meaning of lycanthropy continued to degenerate until more recent times, when it is known by the common people as a most mischievous, bad spirit that roams the earth at night; this is the hup garou of the French, called in Italy also lupo manaro,* vcrsiera.
The native country of lycanthropy, therefore, seems to have been Arcadia, bat in some sort it was endemic in other mountainous countries where there were many wolves.
For instance, Virgil (Eel. viii. 95) speaking of another region says :—
Has lit/rl>as at<|ue boee L’onto uithi leeta vcneim
Ipse dedit .Uteris; naacuntur pluriuui l’onto;
His egu v,i |„: lupuui fieri et se condere silvis
Mocriiu. saepr alliums irais excire Sepulcris,
Abjue snta* alio vidi truduecer messes.
This is the fable: Lycaon, King of Arcadia, son of Titan and the earth, founder of Lycosura on Mount Lyceo, was one of the founders of the important Pelasgian race. He was the first to sacrifice human victims to Jove and was, therefore, changed into a wolf, and wandered in the woods with many others likewise transformed. Ovid says of him,
Territus ipse fugit, uactusune silent iu ruris
Kxulnlat, frustraque loqul conatur.—
Met 1. 232.
The members of Lycaon’s and Antheus’s families, who passed a certain river and gained the forest, became wolves, aud when they recrossed this river regained their human forms. Others believe that Lycaon is the constellation of the wolf, and this may result from the existence of the constellation of the bear into which Lycaon’s niece was transformed.
However this may be, in Lycaon we find three united qualities, those of wolf, king, and constellation.
Perhaps the character of wolf was a divine attribute, where the wolf represented brute force as Been in the destruction of herds in a mountainous country, and was in reality given tohim who appears to have consolidated the Pelasgians and formed their first laws, inasmuch as we see his name stamped on the firmament.
We have enlarged on the mythology of lycanthropy because it affords a striking
* The lupo manaro of the Middle Ages was a witch dressed as a wolf. It was also u hobgoblin Peculiar to the City of lilois that frightened children. The luj/o ttuirino was regarded as a nios ravenous fish.
I example of the superstructure of psyedoj palhy on fable.
It is not only in the legend of Lycaon that lycanthropy is mentioned. Homer speaks of the sorceress Circe who changed Llysses’ companions into swine.
Sanctified by the lupercalian feasts of the Romans, enriched by the story of Circe, of Nebuchadnezzar, of Jonah in the oriental history, lycanthropy, however modified, found much nutriment in Christianity and forms an interesting page in the important psychological phenomenon of witchcraft.
A propos of this we refer to Bodin (” La Demonoumnie ou traite des Sorciers,” Paris, 1587), who connects lycanthropy with witchcraft and sorcery, from the fact that the word “ram” is used for demon, because the ram is as offensive in its habits as a demon.
Michael Verdun and Pierre Burgot, tried at Besaneon in 1521, were changed after dances and sacrifices to the devil into two agile wolves, who rejoined others in the forest and coupled with them.
Bodin also mentions the lycanthrope of Padua, the famous lupo manaro, whose arms and legs were cut off, and were found to be covered with a wolf’s skin.
The witches of Vernon often mettogether iu 1566 under the form of cats and were dispersed and wounded. Certain women suspected of being witches were examined and found to bear the same wounds which were inflicted on them while in the form of cats.
Pierri Mamor and Henri di Colonia were undoubtedly transformed intowolves, according to the same Bodin.
Greece and Asia have always been more infested with lycanthropy than the West.
In 1542 under the reign of the Sultan Soliman there were so many lupi manari at Constantinople that the Sultan with an armed force drove off 150!
The Germans called them Werwolf (Wiihrwolf). IVer was derived from the Teutonic word signifying man; in Gothic weir. The French termed them, loups yuroits, the Picardians, loups varous. The Latins called them varios et versipelles (Vir, man).
In Livonia at the end of December the devil called together the witches, beat them and transformed them into wolves who threw themselves on men!
For Bodin this is quite possible. Some contemporary doctors spoke of lycanthropy as a mental malady, but he shields himself behind Theophrastus, Paracelsus and Pomponius, and deems that it is absurd to attempt to compare natural with supernatural phenomena, and bravely concludes that if this malady existed as the doctors said, it could only be in the individual affected with lycanthropy, and how could the fact be explained of others having assisted de risu at the transformation? “Now that silver can be changed to gold and the philosopher’s stone fabricated, it ought not to seem strange that Satan transforms persona.” St. Thomas Aquinas says, “Omnes angeli boni et mail ex virtute naturali habcnt potestatem transmutandi corpora nostra.”
Gervais of Tilbury, temp. Hen. II., says, “Videmus enim frequenter in Anglia per lunationes homines in lupos mutari, quod hominum genus gemlfos Galli nominant. Angli vero werewolf dicunt, were enim Anglice virum sonat, et irlf lupum.” “Otia imp..ap. Scriptt. Brunav.,” p. 895.
A curious work translated from the French in 1350 encouraged the spread of this delusion; this was the romance of “William and the Werewolf; or, William of Palermo.'” As to this history, a king of Apulia had a fair son named William. The king’s brother, wishing to be heir to the throne, bribed two ladies to murder the child. What follows shows a mixture of popular belief with what in other cases became actual mental disease. While the child was at play a wild wolf caught him up, ran away with him to a forest near Rome, taking great care of him. But while the wolf went to get some food, the child was found by a cowherd, who took him home. The writer then says: “Now you must know that the wolf was not a true wolf, but a werewolf or manwolf; he had once been Alphonso, eldest son of the King of Spain, and heir to the crown. His step-mother. Braunde, wishing her own son Braundinis to be the heir, so acted that Alphonso became a werewolf.”
In the sequel, the Emperor of Borne, while hunting, met the boy William, and, being much pleased with him, took him from the cowherd, placing him behind him on his horse. At Rome he was committed to the care of his daughter Melior to be her page, and, of course, they fell in love with oue another.
The emperor, however, designed her for some one else. A friend provides for their escape by sewing them up in the skins of two white bears, and they concealed themselves in a den. There the werewolf finds them and supplies them with food; they are pursued, hut escape to Palermo. An opportunity occurs for William (a werewolf was painted on his shield) to fight againstthe Spaniard,and he takes the kmg and queen prisoners, and refuses to release them until the wicked Queen Braunde agrees to disenchant the werewolf. This
she does, and Alphonso is restored to his right shape, and is warmly thanked for his kindness to William, who is happily married to Melior, and becomes Emperor of Rome.*
A typical case of lycanthropy was admitted into the asylum of Mareville under the care of M. Morel, and reported by him in his ” htudes Cliniques.”
“The patient, after residing for a time in a convent, returned home, where he became the victim of fearful mental agony and terror. He wag not only absorbed in dwelling upon his bodily ailments, but dreaded everlasting torture, merited, as he believed, for crimes, which, however, he had not committed. He trembled in all his limbs, imploring the help of Heaven and his friends. Soon after, he repelled their sympathy, and, concentrating all hia delusional activity on his own sensations, becameaterrorto himself,and endeavoured to inspire every one else with the same sentiment. ‘See this mouth,’ he exclaimed, separating his lips with his fingers, ‘it is the nwuth of a wolf; tlmse are the teeth of a wolf; I liare cloven feet; seethe bmg Itmrs which corer my body; let me run into the woods, and you shall slioot me.’ All that human means could adopt to save this unfortunate patient was done, but unhappily in vain. He had remissions which gave us some hope, but they were of short duration. In one of these he experienced great delight in embracing his children, but he had scarcely left them when he exclaimed, ‘The unfortunates, they have embraced a wolf.’ His delusions came into play with fresh force. ‘Let me go into the woods,’ said he again, ‘and you shall shoot me as yt»» would a wolf} He would not eat. ‘Give me raw meat,’ he said, ‘I am a wolf.’ His wish was complied with, and he eat some food like an animal, but he complained that it was not sufliciently rotten, and rejected it. He died in a state of marasmus and in the most violent despair” (vol. ii. p. 58).
Such is the graphic account given by M. Morel. It will Buffice to illustrate the terrible suffering which the delusion of being transformed into an animal occasions. A. Tambi-R1KI.
S. ToxMKi.
[Jtefrrincrs. — Ifcittljrer, lieitr. zur SprrngtT* ficsehlchto ilur Mctlizin. Bel. ii. pp. 3-45. Paolo* ^Et’inetii (Syd. Soc), vol. I. p. 389. Aetitu, vi. a. OrabiuiuH. Syuops. viii. 10. Actuarius, HetbMed. i. 16. I’sellus, Carm. de re me<L Arieeiina (who calls it cucubuth), ill. 1, 5, 22. Haly Abbai, Theor. i.v. 7. Tract, v. 24. AUahararius,
The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca – Page 209
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Rosemary Guiley – 2010 – Preview – More editions
London: 1698. lithoboly mysterious hails of stones have been reported from time to time in cases of witchcraft and … In other legends, the werewolf is a sorcerer or witch who deliberately transforms himself at will to do evil and lay waste to his …
Rod Serling’s Triple W: Witches, Warlocks and Werewolves
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Rod Serling – 2016 – No preview – More editions
Twelve horrifying tales for the demon in you collected by the man who wrote Stories from the Twilight Zone ROD SERLING’S FAVORITE STORIES— THE WITCH—there was the little girl who always wanted to be a witch.
Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft – Volumes 1-2 – Page 52
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2006 – Snippet view
accentuates the necessity of a debate on the interpretation of werewolf cases, especially in light of the Livonian trial … of its perceived relevance to other werewolf cases and even to the wider history of witchcraft and superstition in general.
Encyclopedia of witchcraft: the Western tradition – Volume 2 – Page 523
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Richard M. Golden – 2006 – Snippet view – More editions
Beliefs regarding changelings, known throughout the region, were also connected with these demons (or elves, werewolves, or demonic witches), who swapped an unbaptized baby for one of their own. “Re-swapping” rites also existed.
The Essential Guide to Werewolf Literature – Page 30
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Brian J. Frost – 2003 – Preview – More editions
The first important studies were written in the sixteenth century by leading theologians and senior members of the judiciary, all of whom discussed the subject in the wider context of witchcraft and demonology. The most contentious treatise, …
Acta Ethnographica Hungarica – Volume 37 – Page 316
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1991 – Snippet view – More editions
herited by the demonic witches of werewolf origin. This is a prime characteristic of especially the romanian strigoi; indeed, there exists a special sub-species, namely, that of the “corn strigoi”. The dual figure of the human and demonic werewolf …
Encyclopedia of witchcraft: the Western tradition – Volume 2 – Page 523
https://books.google.com.ph/books?isbn=1576072436
Richard M. Golden – 2006 – Snippet view – More editions
Beliefs regarding changelings, known throughout the region, were also connected with these demons (or elves, werewolves, or demonic witches), who swapped an unbaptized baby for one of their own. “Re-swapping” rites also existed.
The Essential Guide to Werewolf Literature – Page 30
https://books.google.com.ph/books?isbn=0879728604
Brian J. Frost – 2003 – Preview – More editions
The first important studies were written in the sixteenth century by leading theologians and senior members of the judiciary, all of whom discussed the subject in the wider context of witchcraft and demonology. The most contentious treatise, …
Acta Ethnographica Hungarica – Volume 37 – Page 316
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=ZB3XAAAAMAAJ
1991 – Snippet view – More editions
herited by the demonic witches of werewolf origin. This is a prime characteristic of especially the romanian strigoi; indeed, there exists a special sub-species, namely, that of the “corn strigoi”. The dual figure of the human and demonic werewolf …
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Matthew Beresford – 2013 – Preview – More editions
Our study then focuses on the links in the Middle Ages between the werewolf, the devil and witchcraft, and looks at medieval beliefs pertaining to the werewolf myth. Such myths reveal that while were- wolflegends were common in the early …
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He earned his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1983 with a dissertation titled ‘Witchcraft in Early Modern Wuerttemberg’. … Witchcraft Historiography (2007) and ‘A Journey to Hell: Reconsidering the Livonian “Werewolf”’ in Magic, Ritual and …
Werewolves and Other Monsters – Page 20
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Thomas G. Aylesworth – 1970 – Snippet view – More editions
Lycanthropy was, at one time, considered to be a type of metamorphosis done by witches. That is, with the help of the Devil, a witch could easily change herself or anybody else into a wolf. Of course, some people thought that the werewolf was …
Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft – Volumes 1-2 – Page 52
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2006 – Snippet view
accentuates the necessity of a debate on the interpretation of werewolf cases, especially in light of the Livonian trial … of its perceived relevance to other werewolf cases and even to the wider history of witchcraft and superstition in general.
Encyclopedia of witchcraft: the Western tradition – Volume 2 – Page 523
https://books.google.com.ph/books?isbn=1576072436
Richard M. Golden – 2006 – Snippet view – More editions
Beliefs regarding changelings, known throughout the region, were also connected with these demons (or elves, werewolves, or demonic witches), who swapped an unbaptized baby for one of their own. “Re-swapping” rites also existed.
fynm 